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History

Things to read on Kristallnacht

We all face the choice between right and wrong, responsibility and recklessness, conscience and complicity. 

This from David From in today’s Atlantic writing on the 80th anniversary of Kristallnacht.

https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/11/eighty-years-after-kristallnacht/575410/

 

 

Here is another worthwhile (loooong) read about why historical evaluation of the past can be useful in our very own present.

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/09/21/blood-and-soil?mbid=social_facebook&fbclid=IwAR1r2nYeDp0U25RdjWhacgGnVSAgzkSCd2tkMMFK4o61OiS8S6F3I00OZdc&fbclid=IwAR2ZzpjaF6I8a9sLPKRS25qryslH57Nj8Io43poaPeM3ZhnIWcuhFILugg0

 

And here is why it matters in our own country:

https://jacobinmag.com/2018/11/2018-midterms-voter-suppression-democrats-voting-trump

And this album says it all

Photographs are of the Neue Synagogue  in Berlin, now a memorial/museum

The New Synagogue (Neue Synagoge), along with the Jewish Museum and the Holocaust memorial is one of Berlin’s most significant Jewish landmarks. Built in 1866, to seat 3200 people as the largest Jewish place of worship in Germany, the Neue Synagogue was literally a symbol of the thriving Jewish community. With 160,000 Jewish citizens in 1933, Berlin was the centre of Liberal Judaism.
Today the building houses the Centrum Judaicum foundation which opened in 1995, an institution for the preservation of Jewish memory and tradition, a community congregation centre for study and teaching. The museum and information centre houses exhibits including Torahs and scrolls which were excavated as late as 1989 during the restoration phase. Only one prayer room remains in use today, with mixed seating in the reformed Judaism tradition. A guided tour is available here to see the open space which lies behind the restored facade of the building where the former huge, main Synagogue room once was. A glass and steel structure secures the remaining fragments of masonry of the former synagogue. The original ground plan dimensions can be seen by a traced perimeter which give an idea of the size of the destroyed sections.

Carlisle, PA

When you amble through the streets of Carlisle, a town of less than 20 000 inhabitants in Cumberland County, PA, you get an impression of a sleepy past. Well maintained and beautifully restored buildings exhibit plaques showing their age.

Quiet porches beckon.

 

 

 

 

People shout friendly Hello’s and Halloween decorations sprout wherever you look.

 

The air smells sweet of cider and pumpkin spices (little do you know that you are also inhaling a pollutant called PM2.5 – because of Carlisle’s  location at the intersection of two major trucking routes (I-81 and I-76), air pollution within the borough often falls within the range considered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as “Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups.”)

Little do you also know, or at least I did, until I read up on the history of the place, that this small place was involved in major events in US history. Founded in 1751 by American pioneer John Armstrong it soon became headquarters for army expeditions in the French and Indian Wars and Pontiac’s War in 1761. It housed the munitions depot in the American Revolutionary War (which later became the US Army War College which to this day educates officers.)

In 1787, Anti-Federalists instigated a riot in Carlisle in response to a planned march in favor of the United States Constitution. George Washington assembled his troops there during the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. During the Civil war, an army of the Confederate States of America, under General Fitzhugh Lee, attacked and shelled the borough during the Battle of Carlisle on July 1, 1863 as part of the Gettysburg Campaign – Carlisle also served as a stop on the Underground Railroad.

 

One of the signers of the Constitution, Benjamin Rush, founded Dickinson College, these days an excellent liberal arts college. (Oh, Wikipedia, what would I do without you….)

 

 

 

None of that is apparent when you walk through quaint alleys, colorful mews, in a town proud of its annual car shows (whose majority of attending car salesmen seemingly decided that my hotel floor was the perfect place to congregate at 3 am in the morning, drinks and all…)

You do notice the large number of old shade trees lining the streets, making it a beautiful green place to walk. Turns out Carlisle has the distinction of being a tree city, which implies having a tree board or department, an  established community ordinance for tree care, a community forestry program with an annual budget of at least $2 per capita and an Arbor Day observance and proclamation. That care for the protection of nature almost lets you forget that Cumberland County votes solidly Republican, straight down the ticket.

I was there for a lovely, lovely wedding; its happiness blotted out, thankfully, all thought of war, constitutions, American politics for a blissful weekend. Taking my breaks, where I can find them.

Here is a folk song from the Civil War era.

 

 

 

 

 

Confutation

A confutation is the act of refuting someone’s point forcefully – so I learned when I looked the word up; it had been flitting around my brain and I wasn’t quite sure if I had the definition right. It came to mind because I was reeling over the fact that something I long believed to be true – that there had been a tulip mania wrecking the Dutch economy in the 17th century – has now been refuted.

 

 

Here you can read all about it for yourself: historians and economists are setting the record straight. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/there-never-was-real-tulip-fever-180964915/

Why then, you wonder, was there all this talk about a full scale destruction of the Dutch economy due to mad speculation around those bulbs? The article above points to the moralizing Calvinists; the source was “propaganda pamphlets published by Dutch Calvinists worried that the tulip-propelled consumerism boom would lead to societal decay. Their insistence that such great wealth was ungodly has even stayed with us to this day.

Pride goes before the fall, and all that.

 

It’s worthwhile to dig out Simon Schama’s The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (1987) to read up on the religious evolution in the Netherlands after the war with Spain. I liked the Guardian’s description of the author who teaches at Columbia University: erudite to the point of self-parody. His books sure make me feel in awe.

Confutation was also on the weather’s mind this week, telling the flower fields that their assumptions about the arrival of spring were inane. You could see the havoc reeked by the deluge, the hail, the cold. And yet the tulips’ beauty shone through, as it always does. They seemed not to mind, for the most part.

 

Which could also be said for the various visitors I encountered at The Wooden Shoe who were willing to be photographed in all their colorful outfits matched to the occasion. India, Thailand, China, Mexico – and Massachusetts. Keukenhof (the Dutch tourist attraction par excellence https://keukenhof.nl/en/)  it ain’t, this farm in the middle of nowhere, OR, but it sure attracts a lot of people.

 

 

 

 

And yes, I have gone slightly manic with the number of tulip photos, to make up for the now refuted historical tulip mania…..

 

Large Numbers of Blossoms

If you walk along Portland’s waterfront park right now the wind and rain will often make the air around you twirl with petals of cherry blossoms. The area around the Japanese American Plaza – commemorating the internment of the Japanese  during WW II – is filled with blooming cherry trees that were imported from Japan, a gift of the Japanese Grain Importers Association, planted 28 years ago.

Giving these trees as a gift is not a new tradition – after all, in 1912 Washington D.C. received 3000 of them as an expression of goodwill from Japan. 5 years ago, Takamichi Okabe, Consul-General of Japan at that time in PDX, explained: “Sakura [cherry] is one of the most beloved flowers in Japan… it is a symbol of Japanese sensitivity of natural beauty, and it is also a symbol of the friendship between the U.S. and Japan.”

Large numbers of blossoms, then, matched by an almost equally large number of photographers. This weekend you could not walk amongst the trees at the north end of the parkway without bumping into someone with iPhone or camera.

 

 

 

 

At the south end of the parkway it was a completely different scene. Potluck in the Park set up their free Sunday meal under the ramp of the Hawthorne Bridge, with endless lines of the homeless waiting to get something to eat. The Non-Profit has been fighting hunger even before those cherry trees were planted – since 1991 nobody in Portland needs to go without a warm meal on Sundays – the numbers of people fed on that day range between 400 and 600, all based on donations and volunteers who provide the food and serve. They lost their original space at O’Bryant Square and so the off ramp of a bridge has to do.

Get to know all about how we are feeding Portland homeless

I got to talk to a relatively young woman who had decorated her place setting on a fence post above the river with flowers. She had her walking (and defense) stick adorned with found objects to make it beautiful. A poignant expression of creativity thriving amidst all the adversity.

 

Large numbers of tears suppressed, when I walked away, feeling privileged as hell. This really was the weekend for crying – during the marches, when hearing the speeches, when seeing the homeless scurry, regardless of what they left behind, to quell their hunger.

The skies agreed, ready to let the drops fall. In large numbers.

 

Bright Spots

The Pacific Northwest light is once again dark grey and streaked with rain. Sheets of rain, really. Needs to be counterbalanced and with what better topic than the history of the sunflower – which I knew nothing about but had to explore since I have such a cache of cool pictures of this plant. You take your cheer, where you can get it, right?

And what did I learn? Helianthus Annuus sure likes to travel.

The plant was cultivated since 3000 BC by Native Americans in New Mexico, perhaps even earlier than corn. Seeds and oil were used for food and body painting, stalks for building and other plant parts for medicinal purposes.

In the 15oos  some Spanish colonialist took it back to Europe, with the English recording a patent in the 1700s for squeezing the oil. Seeds moved to Russia and under Peter the Great commercial production began – with the blessings of the Orthodox Church which exempted sunflower oil from the list of forbidden oily foods during lent. By the 19th century over 2 million acres in Russia were devoted to sunflowers with much scientific breeding for increasing yield, disease resistance and quality of the oil.

Of course,if you had it with placid sunflower fields you could always turn to St. Petersburg, the city built on bones. You didn’t expect me to be silent on czarist politics, did you? Just saying….

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/aug/13/st-petersburg-three-centuries-murderous-desire-jonathan-miles-review

The return trip to the US happened in the late 1800s, seeds brought over by waves of Russian immigrants. During our own time European demand of the product was so big that over 5 million acres were planted in the US for export, so the seeds traveled eastwards again. They even went upwards: into space in 2012 to be planted at the space station.

Source for all of these tidbits is the link below:

http://mentalfloss.com/article/68726/10-glorious-facts-about-sunflowers

It even taught me that you can use the head as a scrubbing pad……..

Enjoy the brightness, the sturdiness, the heliotropic model for moving with the light during this storm plagued weekend!

 

Horsing Around

The rest of the week should provide something less political, more uplifting, wouldn’t you agree? What caught my eye, then, was a history of our relationship to horses. How could you not be cheered by a book that “is not the Pony Club Manual or a trot through the more familiar sights of equestrian art history; it’s Kafka, Aby Warburg, Tolstoy, psychoanalytic theory, Nietzsche and bleak monochrome photos in the style of Sebald. This epic enterprise is relieved by Raulff’s spare, vivid style and deep learning. He is as comfortable analysing the etymology of Pferd and Ross as he is discussing the Chicago School, Clint Eastwood and the Amazons, and he rarely loses his audience.”

I remember my disdain for all the horse posters on the wall of my girls-only boarding school. (Then again my disdain extended to almost anything and anyone there in that miserable, elitist place, and thus my loathing parkour was just par for the course. Hm, had to think about that one.)

It did not help that my father, in some of our rare outings, took me to the CHIO equestrian competitions in Aachen, something they call the Wimbledon of the horse sporting world. It meant hours of fearing he would keel over with a heart attack so tense would he get with all the jumping horses barely missing the beams. We do come from very excitable stock….

https://www.chioaachen.de/de/programm/

Some years later during months of backpacking through South America, I had multiple occasions to actually sit on a horse; your couldn’t call it riding exactly, but it was certainly thrilling since it got you to places that would otherwise not have been reached.

Here is a review of the book that replaces my strange memories with interesting facts.

Hanging Up Our Spurs

You’ll understand, though, that I prefer to stick to photography of urban horse chimeras while listening to this…..

Der Anschluss

Since Sunday you could not open the US or European newspapers I read and not find some speculative commentary about the  election results in Austria. A 31 year-old and his conservative party ÖVP won, closely followed by the neo-Nazi populist party FPÖ with whom they are in conversation over a coalition/majority government. Babyface Sebastian Kurz led his party into this win by aggressively pushing an agenda that focussed on anti-immigrant sentiment, Islamophobia and the restriction of refugee influx, including the closure of the Balkan routes which are safer escape routes for Syrians than crossing the Mediterranean. (Here is a profile published before the election. http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/sebastian-kurz-hitting-the-austrian-election-trail-a-1172254.html

Add to that a decidedly anti-Semitic bend, overt racism and an anti-European agenda and you have Heinz-Christian Strache and his minions the FPÖ, now potentially governing with increased power. The FPÖ was already deeply ingrained in communal governments – their work there boasted of the fact that they refused housing for refugees unless the latter demonstrated fluent German, shortened any grants or expenses for cultural organizations that were deemed non-traditional, and established educational regulations that promoted exclusively Christian goals and information. Despite multiple scandals during their reign the people of Austria flocked to give them their vote.

Austrians have demonstrated an affinity for populist “values” before – when Hitler annexed the country in 1938 they were out in force welcoming him, and they ratified the annexation shortly thereafter with more than a 2/3 majority (the official NS version of over 90 % was debunked as falsified.) Much work has been done to show that later exculpatory attempts of historians around the Anschluss, claiming that the Austrians were forced into this mindset, were politically motivated and not true to the facts.

Here is a press photograph of the two women partnered with the respective election winners, doing a victory lap Sunday night – Blondies rule once again.

Attached are two good sources that describe the history in detail, with the Holocaust Museum providing background history.

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/anschluss-and-austrias-guilty-conscience-795016.html

https://www.ushmm.org/collections/bibliography/anschluss

What gets to me is the new normal: when the populist Right got elected in 2000, the Israeli government threatened to recall its ambassador. Avraham Burg, the speaker of the Knesset, warned: “It’s very sad that 50 years after the Holocaust, the people of Austria are reluctant to understand the awful tragedy that the Nazi party brought to the world,” said Mr Burg. “We call on the world not to be silent and to strongly condemn the fact that a party which is very right wing and racist is going to be a legitimate part of the parliament in Austria.”https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/feb/03/austria 

Action, not just words.

And today: we wake up in our own country to the following tidbits: Right-wing twitter accounts associated with Scaramucci (remember him and his 15 seconds of fame?) post the following:

A Halloween costume manufacturer offers the following:

https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/1.817676

And then there is this:

 https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/us-anti-semitic-incidents-spike-86-percent-so-far-in-2017

The rot refuses to die, no matter how much we want to tear it all down. Having been underground in the dark with optimal conditions for growth it is now an exploding fungus. The pretty surfaces of Innsbruck, one of Austria’s picturesque cities, cover harsher realities.

The monument below was built just after the war by the French, as a memorial to her fallen soldiers. Eventually it acquired the words “Pro Libertate Austriae Mortuis,” to honor all of  the war dead.
Close to the war memorial stands a much smaller memorial in shape of a Menorah for the victims of Kristallnacht, November 9 1938, initiated in 1997 (in a school contest!) The right-leaning Kronenzeitung came out with a complaint, predictably prefacing its concerns about money and questions about ulterior motives with “Nothing against memorials, but —.” The memorial features a menorah design, and a separate sign nearby with the details of the pogrom in Innsbruck. I unfortunately don’t have a photograph.

Going Back in Time

Last weekend a young friend introduced me to the term natural living skills. They are taught in communities around the country who share the desire to be friendlier to the earth, get away from the consumer-oriented world and reconnect with nature. Some of them remind me (longingly) of the old hippies of yore, some are rather professional as I detected when scouring the web to find out more about them. All of them might have an advantage should war or climate destroy the world as we know it.

If you look at the list of skills that are re-discovered there are the ones familiar by name: blacksmithing, bee keeping, basket weaving, canning, gardening, mushrooming, herbalism etc. Sort of what the pioneers did, with subsequent generations welcoming any and all invention that made life easier, mind you.

Then there are the skills that seem important during disasters as well, namely how to survive in the woods, find food through hunting, fishing and foraging, tanning, cord making etc. Here is a typical list offered in one of the many workshops offered:

http://www.whippoorwillfest.com/workshops.html

I found it particularly interesting, that the courses (see list above) that taught practical skills were intermixed with sessions of a more political nature, for example:

I hate people, the proper use of Razor wire and welcome to Cumberland Falls
This is a lesson in protectionism, an open discussion of use of trails to limited access. Social medias role in the destruction of valued areas in every state. Just who is responsible and how everyone can make a difference with the very first step.

Police Militarization and its Relevance to Appalachia
The militarization of police in the U.S. has gained real recognition as a consequential trend in the last few years. This workshop would review the issues and evidence surrounding this trend, and examine specifically its relevance to the Appalachian region and community.

 

Designing Urban Ecosystems: Social and Environmental Permaculture for Community Resiliency
Cities are ecosystems! Learn how to make them healthier through landscape design, culture design, community building, and future building. Some topics covered will include the creativity involved in edible landscape design, an overview of permaculture design and principles, varieties of edible and medicinal perennial plants that will grow well in the Whippoorwill climate, some lessons in land use policy and community organizing that should be applicable in various municipalities, and ways you can get involved in your community, your home, and in your own self-care to leave this world a greener, healthier place than you found it. 

Maybe that is why I found myself reacting very differently than when thinking about the far-right survivalists who are really preparing themselves for doomsday scenarios, cached weapons in hand.

Some of the offerings in the natural living skill world are trendier, though, slickly packaged, and clearly not averse to making a buck. Some are turning their skills into resources for reality TV shows and the like.

http://www.truenature.org/earth-living-skills-course2.html

Some are offering 4 year courses to certify you as organic builders, advertising with at least a mention on “how to get rich”, albeit with frugal methods. https://naturallivingschool.com

The majority, though, are clearly drawn to a hands-on, close-to-nature life, in itself a somewhat privileged way of being, given that the majority of people in this country could simply not survive that way or aren’t healthy enough to try.  Which doesn’t mean that people should not try to leave the grid – more power to them!

I am reminded by all this of a novel I read in the early 1990s. A Gift upon the Shore by M.K.Wren is a dystopian tale set on the Oregon coast after some disaster(s) – well, a pandemic, nuclear winter, collapse of civilization, to name a few. The good gals are two women named Hope and Morrow, a poet and a painter – subtlety is not the first thing that comes to mind in this otherwise spellbinding yarn – fighting the bad guys in a fundamentalist Christian group called the Arkites. They threaten our heroines’ golden project: to preserve all important books as a gift to posterity. For the fundamentalists, only one book, the Bible, is allowed. And of course all the while all of them are all barely able to make it on the land. Wren had a point here: sheer survival will not suffice. The accumulated knowledge about art, history, philosophy, handed down to us in written form, should not be wasted.

Photographs are from pioneer museums in Texas and Oregon – worthwhile trip for Portland readers would be Aurora – they have a sweet little museum there.

Glimpses of History

Perhaps this week we should turn to history – or at least some interesting tidbits that are loosely related to the past.

Luckily, there are always those who fight for the right ways for the past to be remembered. I read with admiration about the Portland woman who insists that the stories of the Oregon Trail are not whitewashed, in the truest sense of the word….

The Long Journey to Reveal the Oregon Trail’s Racist History

The photographs most closely related to the pioneers were taken at the Lone Fir Pioneer Cemetery in Portland. Established in 1855, it is a beautiful spot in the SE quadrant of the city, with some magnificent trees, lovingly maintained, a peaceful oasis.

 

Which does not exclude some typical PDX quirkiness, as witnessed this Saturday afternoon. Some folks were doing a dress rehearsal for historical ghost tours to be given at Halloween and were kind enough to pose for a spontaneous group shot when I asked.

Others just practiced their acrobatics, hopefully amusing the dead as much as the living.

The cemetery has old graves scattered throughout, some mausoleums for the well-to-do,

and a section for the Russians who arrived in the last 50 years and who have a very different approach to honoring their departed.

 

There is a section devoted to firefighters who gave their lives on duty – made me shiver thinking about California, where 1000s of inmate are now fighting the fire, for $1 per hour, many of them female. I have written about them before. https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-inmates-fighting-californias-deadly-fires

But back to history: I am still moved by the markers that acknowledge role, not name, in a devoted fashion.

 

 

(Your guess is at good as mine)

And here are the details, including the names of the couple who donated the land: the Stephens.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Fir_Cemetery

May they all rest in peace, ignoring a world which seems to have abandoned the concept.

Stonewalled

So many captivating things to report on today – still in the mode of looking at people whose hearts are not cold as stone.

For one, there is the magnificent speech by Mitch Landrieu, Mayor of New Orleans, addressing the removal of monuments dedicated to the cause of the confederacy.  One of the best sentences in it:  “The Confederacy was on the wrong side of history and humanity. It sought to tear apart our nation and subjugate our fellow Americans to slavery. This is the history we should never forget and one that we should never again put on a pedestal to be revered.”

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/23/opinion/mitch-landrieus-speech-transcript.html

Then there is a fabulous article on African American activists in the 1850s, who were living examples of how individual engagement and courage can change history.  Kantrowitz’s writing is clear, historically oriented and instructive for all of us who try to apply lessons of the past to the present.

http://bostonreview.net/race/stephen-kantrowitz-refuge-fugitives

And finally, there is Bessie Springfield – 1930s Black motorcycle queen road tripping through the states! Read it in awe.

http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/bessie-stringfield-motorcycle-queen?utm_source=Atlas+Obscura+Daily+Newsletter&utm_campaign=273d72b811-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_05_22&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f36db9c480-273d72b811-66214597&ct=t(Newsletter_5_22_2017)&mc_cid=273d72b811&mc_eid=1765533648

Photographs today are stone stoops in Maryland, Virginia and Louisiana.